If you think its shaders relatet try disabling all settings and playing it on minimum graphics settings.
You can run steam trough the terminal and you will see what causes the error. But it seems you have had some issues with your install, I would recommend you try another distro.
If you don't want to try installing Plasma as they handle things differently in the background so it my be more stable.
There are basicly two ways to go with regressions: bisecting or research.
With bisecting you restore a working backup, and try to isolate the breaking change. In your case you could try updating one package at time and testing. Since these are often GPU related, start with kernel and mesa. When you find the breaking update, you can either report it on your distros issue tracker, or git bisect it further to the breaking change in the source code to increase the change of it getting fixed quick.
With research, you look into relevant bug reporting databases. These include your distros issue tracker, Valve's issue trackers both for Steam and Proton, DXVK issue tracker, freedesktop.org and kernel issue trackers.
These are a lot of work, so most people just try random stuff. That's why you often get suggestions to do so.
Sorry I don't have an easy fix for you.
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