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Microsoft's light-based computer marks 'the unravelling of Moore's Law'
(www.pcgamer.com)
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this post was submitted on 03 Jul 2023
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If it turns out there's something they do way better, they'd enter as an accelerator card like GPUs did.
Yup! I just wonder how that would work. Since digital and analogue signals are completely different, signal conversion would be required. The overhead caused by conversion may result in delay between the next instruction, or even reduced performance depending on the other components in the machine. A lot of research would have to be done on getting an accurate, low overhead signal converter built into the device.
it would be the same way expansion cards work now; it would have digital control circuitry that can communicate with the analog circuitry.
We already have expansion cards that can do this. Audio cards are an example of an expansion card that convert between digital and analog signals.
Even things like graphics cards, ASICs, or FPGAs; it's not a different type of signal, but it's an architecture that isn't compatible with the rest of the computer because it's specialized for a certain purpose. So there's control circuitry that allows it to do that and a driver on the computer that tells it how to.
I don't think you know what I'm getting at. I know about audio cards, as I'm an audiophile. I can tell you with confidence that DACs can only convert digital sound data into analogue, and that's due to the audio jack being older than digital audio.
The problem with your examples (GPUs, ASICs, and FPGAs) is that they're digital devices. An analogue device isn't compatible with a digital device, much like how digital sound data (songs, audio tracks in videos, system sounds, etc...) and analogue audio don't technically work. They only work because the quality of sound get downgraded during the jump to digital recording methods.
If you look at many older albums, like "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn," you may notice that they are offered at a very high quality (24bit 192kHz is common.) This is due to them being recorded on audio tapes, which could store incredibly high resolution sound. This is the same situation with film, and is the reason why old films can still be rerealeased in higher resolutions (assuming that the film the movie was originally recorded is still around.) Newer albums. however, often cap out at 24bit 48kHz, as digital sound requires the sound quality to be preconfigured. Analogue just records.
When you're listening to sound on a digital device, you're always dealing with compression of some kind, as the sound may be "lossless" in the sense that the audio file was recorded in CD quality. This is because storing analogue data is impossible on digital storage devices. What's actually done is a lot like a smooth wavelength that a bunch of pillars trying to match. The pillars may get close, but they will never actually be the wavelength due to their shape.
Using an analogue device to accelerate something requires at least some information to be lost on translation, even if the file size is stupidly large. All in all, getting analogue data to a digital device will always be lossy in some regard, and storing truely analogue data on digital storage is impossible.
TL,DR: Analogue and digital are inherently different, and mixing the two is only possible through a lot of compromises having to be made.
Right. But the principle is the same; hardware that isn't compatible with pre-existing systems has a control circuit, and a digital interface. The digital computer sends instructions to the controller, and the controller carries out the instructions.
Correct. That is why there is dedicated control circuitry designed for making analog and digital systems talk to each other -- as there will be for optical analog computers and every other type of non-conventional computing system.
It's true that conventional systems will not, by default, be able to communicate with analog computers like this one. To control them, you will send the question (instructions) to the control circuitry, which does the calculation on the hardware, and returns an answer. That's true for DACs, it's true for FPGAs, it's true for CPUs, it's true for ASICs.
Every temperature sensor, fan controller, camera, microphone, and monitor are also doing some sort of conversion between digital and analog signals. The light being emitted by the monitor to your eyes is a physical phenomenon that can be measured as an analog value (by taking a picture of your computer monitor on film, say). How does your monitor produce this analog signal? It has a control circuit that can take digital commands and convert them into light in specific patterns.
I don't think you've understood what analog computers are used for (actually, I'm not sure that you've understood what analog computing even really is beyond that it involves analog electrical signals). Analog computers aren't arbitrarily precise like digital computers are in the first place, because they are performing the computation with physical values -- voltage, current, light color, light intensity -- that are subject to interference from physical phenomenona -- resistance, attenuation, redshift, inertia. In other words, you're really worried about losing information that doesn't exist in a reliable/repeatable way in the first place.
A lot of iterative numerical methods need an initial guess and can be iterated to an arbitary degree. Analog computers are usually used to provide the initial guess to save iteration flops. The resolution just is not that important when you're only trying to get into the ballpark in the first place.
In other words, this computer is designed to solve optimization problems. Say you're getting results based on the color and intensity of the light coming out of it, right, like you might get values of tides based on electrical voltage on an old desktop analog computer. It's not that relevant to get the exact values for every millisecond at a sampling rate of a bajillion kilohertz; you're looking for the average value that isn't falsely precise.
So if you were designing an expansion card, you would design a controller that can modulate the color and intensity of the light going in, and modulate the filter weights in the matrix. Then you can send a digital instruction to "do the calculation with these values of light and these filter values". The controller would read those values, set up the light sources and matrix, turn on the light, read the camera sensors at the back, and tell you what the cameras are seeing. Voila, you're digitally controlling an analog computer.
Have to think of it more like how quantum computers are right now. You aren't going to be running minecraft or a web browser on it, but it'll probably be very good at doing certain things. Those things can either be in their own silo never interacting directly with a traditional computer, or information will be sent between them in some way (such as sending a calculation job, then receiving the answers). That send/receive can afford to be slow if some translation is needed, if the performance gains on the actual task are worth it. It's not like a GPU where you would expect your frames to be rendered in real time to play a game.
Eventually that may change but until then it's no more than that, articles like these put a lot of hype on things that while very interesting can end up misleading people.