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You Don’t Need to Use Airplane Mode on Airplanes
(gizmodo.com)
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It's a built-in security of the protocol. For accurate speed measurement device would need access to L2 frequencies, which carry encrypted data used for additional corrections, faster calculations, atmospheric conditions, etc. One can certainly get a location tracked through phone, but it's not solely though GPS, it's most likely combination of other positioning systems.
Probably would just use an IMU exactly as the plane itself already does for its own navigation.
They get a lock on the ground, synchronize the IMU with the Earth's orbit, and they keep track of where they've moved from the origin, supplemented by GPS.