The study gathered insights from parents of over 750 children, aged up to 47 months, across the UK, US, Australia, and Canada, who reported on their child’s deceptive development.
Yeah, I'm gonna call BS. Trying to call anything "deception" by someone without a theory of mind is just nonsensical.
Children that young don't yet have the mental model to do anything like deceiving folks. They have enough trouble learning how the world works.