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Where does the internet cable go?
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The magic cable typically goes into ISP-owned hardware sitting in a box somewhere down the street. From there, it's either converted into fiber optic signals or repeated until it reaches an ISP-owned building where the data can be exchanged with the wider internet.
It uses multiple channels (frequency ranges) in parallel, bonding (combining) them to increase throughput.
A surprising amount of bandwidth can be achieved this way. DOCSIS 4.0 can do 10 gigabits per second in download and 6 gigabits per second in upload.