CPU thermal protection is pretty solid nowadays. I'm also old, and I too remember Athlons you could actually cook on, but in my general experience I've found they did learn from that and the thermal protections are not exactly a complex system. It's basically math, as far as calculating how much power is going in to how quickly it can heat up to where the thermal sensor is placed, and they simply shut it down before it's mathematically possible for the heat to reach a damaging level. It's very hard now to actually destroy a CPU due to internal overheating, at least any of the ones I've had various "incidents" with. They aggressively throttle down and shut down and are perfectly fine once properly cooled.