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Do not update single packages on Archlinux, but
(beehaw.org)
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I think this is where you might have misunderstood what
pacman -Sdoes. It does not look for a new version, but tries to install the version of the package from last time you updated your local package list.If the repository has a newer version since the last time you updated, you would not find the package version you are looking for. As I try to update at least once a day, I haven't had this happen yet (so i am not 100% how this would manifest).
To install only the newest version of firefox on the server you would habe to run it with
pacman-Sy firefoxwhich is not supported.