Docker containers share host os kernel - can't be used to run a different os.

Your options:

• Run windows in a VM. You assign some of your PC resources (ram, CPU cores, storage) to vm. That windows VM is going to be within 1-2% of a PC with the specs matching resources assigned to VM. You won't get GPU acceleration unless you pass the entire GPU to VM, but it doesn't matter for Lightroom. Will run perfectly.
• Run Lightroom with Wine. It runs as just another Linux program via a translation layer. It will get access to all resources your PC has and it won't waste resources running entire 2nd os in a VM, but there is a performance impact of the translation layer. Performance impact varies depending on specific piece of software and sometimes it even runs faster.

Edit: it turns out it does like GPU acceleration, so performance impact without GPU passthrough will be noticeable at least when opening images. Running it on wine is possible, but a pain - it requires manual workarounds and it doesn't run perfectly even with them.