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The Top Programming Languages 2024 - IEEE Spectrum
(spectrum.ieee.org)
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this post was submitted on 24 Aug 2024
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Programming
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One could also view it a different way:
XML merely provides abstract structure. It doesn't direct that anything be done. By itself, it doesn't program anything.
HTML, on the other hand, directs web layout engines to produce outputs. It programs them.
SQL directs databases to manipulate data and relations, and to produce results. It programs them.
Imperative and functional programming are often what come to mind first, at least for many of us, but declarative programming is nevertheless programming.
Pushing HTML even further, one could say it's a declarative programming language that programs a UI in a mostly-stateless manner (inputs aren't really stateless but you can argue the state is provided by the UI rather than managed by HTML).
I'm not sure I'd make this leap myself though, I have a hard time classifying it (or any other markup language) as a PL. As far as I am aware, you can't really program a state machine with pure HTML, though you can accept inputs and return outputs at least.