Both and/or either?
It's a complex and deep topic that is also inextricably intertwined with capitalism and other oppressive systems, so giving an in depth answer would take more brain power than I currently have available lol (I have tried, but I keep going off on tangents and getting tangled up in explanations), but I think this quote is quite relevant, so I might leave it at that:

"If you can convince the lowest white man he's better than the best colored man, he won't notice you're picking his pocket. Hell, give him somebody to look down on, and he'll empty his pockets for you." -Lyndon B. Johnson