You can always take a look how for example Windows 3.11 and earlier did it for their *.rtf file format and their "write.exe" editor / viewer / renderer (if you want to call it that way).

You have stack buffer out of bounds write. On line 52 you declare h an array of 70 unsigned ints. On line 57 you store reference to such array. Later, on line 35 you write out of bounds, one element past end of the array. The _SPR_history[i] writes to _SPR_history[70]. Created an issue: https://github.com/X64X2/sh/issues/1

Doesn't depend on programming language but something with visual debugger. You know that stuff when you can see current line of your source code highlighted, press a key to step into, step over and so on. You can see values inside your variables. You can also change your variables mid-run right form the debugger.

Because you spend 20% of your time writing bugs and the other 80% debugging them. At least make it pleasant experience (no printf-style debugging).

Back in the day I was using Turbo Pascal, Delphi, Visual Basic, C#, Java, PHP with Zend, Java Script, today I'm using Visual C++.

Yes, I know this. It took me long time to figure this out. My entire life I focused on technical skills / programming / math / logic. As I deemed them most important for the job. I was like: "Hey, if you cannot program, why do you work as programmer (you stupido)?" Only few years ago I realized that even as programmer (as opposed to sales man) you really need those "meh" soft skills. And that they are really important and I should not call them "meh". I'm very good at solving problems, improving product's performance, memory consumption, discovering and fixings bugs, security vulnerabilities. But I'm very very bad at communicating my skills and communicating with people in general. I'm not able to politely tell people that theirs idea is bad, I just say "that's stupid". And I'm mostly/sometimes right (if I'm not 100% sure, I don't say anything), but the damage caused by the way I say it is often inreversible. That post of mine about the job interview and CV was half joke and half reality. I just freeze/stutter when I'm asked something that is obvious because it is written I my CV. I'm immediately thinking "Did he not received the CV?" or "Did he not read it?" "Why the fuck is he not prepared for the call? Why are we wasting time asking me what should be obvious because I sent it in advance?" I'm more robot than human. Put me in front of problem and forget to tell me that it is impossible to solve ... and I will solve it. But easy small talk ... disaster. Communicating what the problem really was ... disaster. Communicating how I solved it ... disaster. "It was not working before and now it works fine, what the hell do you want from me now?" Yes, I'm very bad in team, in collective. I didn't know the reason why, but since few years ago I know the root of the problem. It's not that everybody around me is stupid and don't know basic stuff (what I consider basic), but me unable to communicate with other humans.

The interview starts ... the interviewer asks me "Tell me about yourself." ... I respond "Did you receive my CV? I put all important details about me ... right there. What questions do you have about my past jobs?" The interviewer encourages me again to tell him about myself, my past projects, etc. ... Me: Awkward silence. ... Me to myself: Dafuq? Should I read the CV from top to bottom OR WHAT?

Yes, but (there is always a but) it does not apply if you implement off-line encryption. Meaning no on-line service encrypting / decrypting attacker provided data (such as SSL / TLS / HTTPS). Meaning if you are running the cipher on your own computer with your own keys / plaintexts / ciphertexts. There is nobody to snoop time differences or power usage differences when using different key / different ciphertext. Then I would suggest this is fine. The only one who can attack you is yourself. In fact, I implemented AES from scratch in C89 language, this source code is at the same time compatible with C++14 constexpr evaluation mode. I also implemented the Serpent cipher, Serpent was an AES candidate back then when there were no AES and Rijndael was not AES yet. The code is on my GitHub page.

std::vector::reserve + std::vector::push_back in loop is sub-optimal, because push_back needs to check for re-allocation, but that never comes.

std::vector::resize + std::vector::operator[] in loop is also sub-optimal, because resize default-initializes all elements only to be overwritten soon anyway.

This article's author suggests push_back_unchecked.

I suggest std::vector::insert with pair of random access iterators with custom dereference operator that does the "transform element" or "generate element" functionality. The standard will have resize_and_overwrite hopefully soon.

Moar discussion:

https://codingnest.com/the-little-things-the-missing-performance-in-std-vector/

https://twitter.com/horenmar_ctu/status/1695823724673466532

https://twitter.com/horenmar_ctu/status/1695331079165489161

https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/comments/162tohr/the_little_things_the_missing_performance_in/

https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/comments/162tohr/the_little_things_the_missing_performance_in/jy21hgd/

https://twitter.com/basit_ayantunde/status/1644895468399337473

https://twitter.com/MarekKnapek/status/1645272474517422081

https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/comments/cno9ep/improving_stdvector/

Another alternative to C++ exceptions (instead of return code) is to use global (or thread local) variable. This is exactly what errno that C and POSIX are using or GetLastError what Windows is using. Of course, this has its own pros and cons.

Makes sense, how would you represent floor(1e42) or ceil(1e120) as integer? It would not fit into 32bit (unsigned) or 31bit (signed) integer. Not even into 64bit integer.

This is true in real world also, not only in computer world or programming world. Think of steam engine, it enabled sooo much progress in other fields. Also invention of lathe and precision measuring and engineering. Before that, invention of "simple machines" such as pulley, bolt/screw, windlass, lever. The same in math, physics, chemistry and so on.

Oversimplified:

• You have your current OS, text editor, compiler.
• You write code of the new improved OS using your current OS, text editor.
• You compile the code (text file), compilation yields the new OS or the new kernel (binary file).
• You replace (overwrite) your current kernel by the new kernel (current OS by new OS). This is possible, because while the OS is running it is in RAM not touching the disk.
• You restart.
• BIOS loads the new OS from disk to RAM and executes it.
• tada.wav

More questions:

• How to update BIOS? Answer: The same.
• How the first OS, text editor and compiler were created? Answer: The same. Using more primitive OS, text editor and compiler each step into the past. At the beginning there were toggle switches, punch cards, punch ribbon strips or similar.

The same style of question would be: How to create a hammer if in order to create a hammer you need a hammer? How was the first hammer created? Answer: By more primitive hammer, or something that is no hammer, but almost works as a hammer.

For more info read about bootstrapping compilers. Or trusting the trust by Ken Thompson.