Housewife here, many thousands of loads under my belt; with a modern electric washing machine and regular levels of dirt you don't have to do anything except make sure the clothes aren't bunched up. Like unroll socks if they are in a ball and unwad jeans so the legs aren't half inside themselves.

Use less detergent than you think you need in general. If you have stuff that's extra funky find the soak feature on your machine or just stop it after it's filled with water and let them sit (with soap) for 30 minutes before running it.

The only time you need special treatment is with special garments or special stains in my experience.

Generally you want the dirtiest part on the outside. I find for things like jeans, I leave them outside-out; T-shirts are often inside-out.

The other reason to turn things inside-out is if there are designs or other features that you want to protect.

In short, whatever is on the outside is going to get the "rougher" treatment.

As far as I am aware, this is only something you should do with certain garments and the only garments I know of where it's a good idea are silk screened things (IE graphic Ts). Flipping them inside out, as well as only using cold water, helps keep the silk screening fresh so it doesn't crack or peel.

I dont know any of the finer details but my thought and real practice is that when washing jeans, its better to wash them inside out and all zipped up + pockets out. Not sure where I heard it but I've always observed that

It cant be worse than doing them rightside whatever so try it if you like. Anecdotally, my jeans tend to last basically forever if there arent already stylistic holes or tears in them.

I turn everything inside out because I line dry outside. Since UV bleaches fabric I'd rather fade the inside.

All you ever wanted to know about washing clothes: https://laundryevangelist.com/