That's just how digital zoom works with modern phones. Optical zoom is typically very limited so you're stuck with digital zoom.

It seems like the phone is applying wayy too much of some kind of sharpening filter. Are you zooming in very far? Cuz it may be trying to compensate for digital zoom by sharpening the image afterwards. If you've got a Pro mode setting on the camera app, maybe try using that instead and get closer to your subject, if possible. Pro mode should hopefully stop the app from applying any touch-ups to the image it thinks it needs.

This just looks like insane compression levels + some weird AI upscaling artifacts.

As a workaround you could also just take the pictures without zooming and then zoom in afterwards with any image manipulation program. It's technically the same thing. Minus whatever "enhancements" your camera app is applying.

Just because the picture is larger does it mean necessarily that it's clearer. Although it does seem that you've solved the problem in the in this case that isn't the case. But in real life there is no zoom and enhance - You're not getting a license plate number off of a reflection in a screw's head.

Here's the other one

I also get that oversharpening effect on my Zenfone 10 :(

Software Zoom vs Telephoto Mechanical if I had a guess

this image can work for certain circumstances.

If you want better pictures get an aftermarket lens, the reasonably priced ones just clip on to the phone. You'd use the lens to zoom in, not the app.