I've done this before on smaller parts and it works. The result is very ugly-looking in my case though.
I do this right regularly. I created a huge trash can shape container using 8 separate pieces printed in PLA. I then glued together with CA glue and welded the pieces with a 3D pen to make the joints stronger.
A couple of things to remember:
3D pen don’t push the filament like a 3D printer does. You have to slow the flow of the pen down, and let the filament bind to the layers below
There’s a big difference how different PLA will behave with a 3D pen. Some filaments won’t stick as well like others
You have to mimic the behaviour of a printer with the pen. So you have to lay down layers of filament, rather than trying to make it behave like a glue gun.
I've used a cheap 3D pen to weld smaller prints together. Works pretty well. You have to be quick because once the filament starts to cool it doesn't bind well. It also doesn't look that pretty, but I only use it in areas that aren't visible in the finished product. If you're planning on sanding it after I think you'd be fine.
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