There are 2 main measures of inflation, core and non core. Core CPI excludes food and energy because it is "too volatile", it is the measure the Federal Reserve supposedly pays the most attention to regarding interest rate policy. However headline CPI is what tends to get the most press because it includes food and energy.

As the "second" biggest economy with a robust capital market, yes most likely. Along with diversifying into regional frontier markets, depending on the state actor's geopolitical goals.

What would be the endgame of this? Is this going to be allowed to be transferred across the Iraq/Turkey border into Syria or is this just posturing? Are Iranian missiles able to reach Israel from within their borders?

Bonds in Islamic countries are called Sukuk, instead of interest they transfer ownership of a real asset that provides income or is temporarily leased with rent payments to the holder of the Sukuk instead. The end result is the same as a bond and they function basically like an asset backed loan. Murabaha is basically just a fee charged for the service of having a purchase made in your name, rather than interest. This seems like Russia is trying to increase their ability to lend and borrow from majority Muslim countries, a precursor to further financial ties in the Middle East most likely.