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this post was submitted on 16 Aug 2025
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Linux
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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I listed all installed kernels:
dpkg -l | grep linux-image | awk '{print$2}'
then removed several old kernels:
sudo apt remove --purge linux-image-XXX
then updated grub:
sudo update-grub2
I've never had to manually delete kernels.
Apt autoremove automatically takes care of older kernels
Maybe try reinstalling your default stable kernel linux-image-amd64 (or whatever architecture)
Typically, no need to specify specific kernel versions like 6.12
Sound like they may not have been old 😅
Edit: Can you list the kernels now?
You can look at the /boot/grub/grub.cfg file for details as to what each option is on the grub menu. It's not the prettiest file though. Search for
menuentry, that should be followed by the name of the entry and below details for what kernel and options it uses.You should really just back up your files, do a fresh install, and don't fuck with the system like that.