The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat and Norwegian rat, is a widespread, common species of rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown or grey rodent with a body length of up to 28 cm (11 in) long, and a tail slightly shorter than that. It weighs between 140 and 500 g (4.9 and 17.6 oz). Thought to have originated in northern China and neighbouring areas, it has now spread to all continents except Antarctica, and is the dominant rat in Europe and much of North America, having become naturalised across the world. With rare exceptions, the brown rat lives wherever humans live, particularly in urban areas. It is omnivorous, reproduces rapidly, and can be a vector for several human diseases.
Studies of wild rats in New York City have shown that populations living in different neighborhoods can evolve distinct genomic profiles over time, by slowly accruing different traits.
Naming and etymology
The brown rat was originally called the "Hanover rat" by people wishing to link problems in 18th-century England with the House of Hanover. It is not known for certain why the brown rat is named Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian rat), as it did not originate from Norway. However, the English naturalist John Berkenhout, author of the 1769 book Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain, is most likely responsible for popularizing the misnomer. Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name Mus norvegicus, believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728.
Though the assumptions surrounding this species' origins were not yet the same as modern ones, by the 20th century, it was believed among naturalists that the brown rat did not originate in Norway, rather the species came from central Asia and (likely) China.
Distribution and habitat
Possibly originating from the plains of northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat spread to other parts of the world sometime in the Middle Ages. The question of when brown rats became commensal with humans remains unsettled, but as a species, they have spread and established themselves along routes of human migration and now live almost everywhere humans are.
As it spread from Asia, the brown rat generally displaced the black rat in areas where humans lived. In addition to being larger and more aggressive, the change from wooden structures and thatched roofs to bricked and tiled buildings favored the burrowing brown rats over the arboreal black rats. In addition, brown rats eat a wider variety of foods, and are more resistant to weather extremes.
In the absence of humans, brown rats prefer damp environments, such as river banks.[86] However, the great majority are now linked to man-made environments, such as sewage systems. In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.
It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this is considered an urban myth for most cities. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within 20 m (66 ft) of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. It is difficult to determine the extent of their home range because they do not utilize a whole area but rather use regular runways to get from one location to another. Urban rat research is considered to be challenging due to their significant global population size and spatial distribution patterns. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000. Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure and high poverty rates. In 2023, the city appointed Kathleen Corradi as the first Rat Czar, a position created to address the city's rat population. The position focuses on instituting policies measures to curb the population such as garbage regulation and additional rat trapping. A 2024 study using data from Vancouver found that most municipal complaints about rats were related to garbage, and the rats were often viewed as a symptom of a community issue.
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Doublethink is obviously a real thing. We just call it cognitive dissonance in the real world. Holding two contradictory opinions simultaneously.
Like, "I love animals, I think they deserve to be treated well, people who abuse them should be thrown in jail!" And "I literally pay people to abuse animals every single day and there's nothing wrong with that." These two positions are held simultaneously by millions of people. That's doublethink.
See your missing the crucial distinction between Doublethink and Cognitive Dissonance caused by Hypocritical Beliefs.
Doublethink enables you to believe both things to be true, at the same time. There is no cognitive dissonance. But I do believe many people are terrified of communism turning everyone into a double thinker. Someone with no critical thinking capacity, someone who just exists with no struggle.
I think the fact that Ignorance and Strength are for some reason listed as opposing is very revealing of who this book is written by. Why these people fear communism so much and think it turns everyone into a "Doublethinker"
I struggle with words because of my ND so I hope the illusrration helps to convey the difference between Holding two conflicting beliefs and maybe even resolving them vs believing two of them at the same time and accepting both as true.
... wait, was doublethink just a misunderstanding of the unity of opposites?
In dialectical materialism, war is defined by peace and peace is defined by war. Each contains its opposite. That's not to say they're the same thing, they're contradictions, but you can't have war without peace anymore than you could have night without day.
The primary contradiction of all of our lives is the most difficult to resolve, requires struggle and likely impossible to overcome individually. Know this this, instinctively the mind rushes to find easier to solve contradictions, keep itself busy, entertain.
Our world is built collectively, liberals want to eat their cake and have it too, a paradox appears. Individual cannot maintain our world by themselves, yet individual wants full credit for the world. Commies want to build a world where everyone has the spine to handle being an individual, collectively, but this is impossible to imagine for a liberal, they project their worst fears on them. 1984. All they can think of is that history is over, just enjoy what you can, everyone for themselves, don't let the commies turn you into a hivemind.
And there is actually something in the real world to match the dystopian novel. It's called
Learned Helplessness - the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control.
Which is like literally what fascists want. They want someone to control them, the state. I'm not the one saying it, they always have been saying it since the beginning. It's in their foundational texts. That's what they are, they're lost desperate, traumatized people, searching for a parental figure, an older sibling, a big brother. Now don't go start pitying them, but we shouldn't dehumanize them they're just pitiful human beings who don't understand what they're doing, they don't trust anyone and think everyone is out to get them. They're unable to accept critique and unable to learn. In fact they could change, if they wanted to and if the material conditions around them changed, you could reform even the painter guy probably. But now I'm doing bullshit idealism from the other side, nobody really knows what exactly the right answer is, but I definitely can't just give everyone class consciousness and I definitely cannot educate the entire world by myself. I don't have the power, probably never will.
Like I've tried I don't get answers to my letters, nobody seems to want to invite me to meetings or anything. idk why they don't say usually and I offer to be flexible, doesn't seem to help. Feels like everyone starts off with a plan in their mind before they even got one foot out the bed and everyone is trying to accomplish their master plan. Now I'm forced to do that myself if I want to survive, what kind of choice is that? I try to be myself and I get constantly spit at. Practically living in a dystopia the world of 1984 imagined. We're governed by a child whose body grew and mind stayed the same, what a shame really.