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I seriously don't understand what leftovers you're talking about.
You essentially have a Dockerfile that describes how you want to build your image, you run docker build with the path of your Dockerfile and the path of the context, and the rest is completely up to you. Docker does not leave that many traces around - only the built images within docker itself, but as I said, that's the point of building them.
You can even export the image into a tar file and run docker prune afterwards, that should only leave the exported tar file.
When I built an image last time there were several unused other images with just hashes as names and two unused volumes, also multiple cache files and other files in the user’s home directory in various subfolders.
It's very possible they weren't unused.
Docker builds their images out of layers, and all the layers are used during runtime!:
https://sweetcode.io/understanding-docker-image-layers/
The idea is that you can essentially change PARTS of an image, without rebuilding it entirely, which saves space and bandwidth.