The way your question is worded makes me think you're not necessarily a rider but are just curious, or you're a newer rider and haven't gotten into these kinds of bikes yet. So if what I'm saying seems over-simplified obvious I apologize. I'm answering as accurately as I can for what I believe to be a less experienced rider. If I'm wrong, feel free to tell me and express any displeasure you have with my comment.

Imagine a triangle of sport bikes, cruiser/ touring bikes and dirt bikes. Sport bikes are light, fast, and have a very aggressive, and often uncomfortable riding position. Their job is to go very fast on well maintained, paved roadways.

Cruiser / touring bikes, are made to be comfortable and practical for long trips in a variety of weather, but still mostly on paved roads. Some are fast, most are kind of medium for speed and acceleration.

"Dirt bikes" are made to do well on anything other than pavement. Mud, first, gravel etc. They should be light weight, have good ground clearance for rocks and uneven terrain, have an upright riding position for visibility and leverage, and a lot of suspension travel for bumps and such.

I have a "Sport-tourer", it can be very fast, somewhat light, and has a riding position between aggressive and sporty and upright and comfortable. It's made for paved roads, and still has just enough room to put 2-3 days of clothes in storage. It's in the middle of the sport to cruiser/touring leg of the triangle.

And Adventure bike is in the middle of the cruiser/touring to dirt bike leg of the triangle. You can carry clothes and such, have great off-road properties, stay on the light side. There are some fast adventure bikes, but the best ones understand that too much power can be a real downside off-road. It's designed to use paved roads only to get you to the trails, plains, paths that you made the trip for in the first place, and let you stay there for a weekend.

Hope that's helpful.