I use "Focus Plant: Pomodoro timer" on Android, but there is an iPhone version too. It's free, with ads, but there is a subscription that removes them. I can only speak to how it works on Android, but in addition to blocking other apps (or at least adding a barrier to get to them) it gamifies things by letting you earn "raindrops" for focusing. Those are used to water little plant monsters, which there are a ton of. You can set a specific timer, regular or pomodoro, or just a count up, and it will show you a little icon for other people who are also currently focusing, which is kind of nice. It's a bit silly, but the added layers of game and very light social aspect add a little that help me personally. It's very usable with ads if you want to try it without committing money. I personally subscribe because it makes some of the game bits (sort of loot crates) more fun, but that's definitely optional. (Good grief this sounds like I'm astroturfing for the company. I'm not, I just tried a bunch of other apps too, and this one has a combination of features that helped my dumpster fire of a brain.)

Everyone here is providing some great suggestions, but if I may, I'd like to challenge you to think of it a different way...

How can you set up your life so that work becomes a distraction from your phone?

Anytime I'm distracted it's usually because I'm not engaged enough. This might mean asking my employer for more challenging work, switching jobs, or creating a side hustle to become my new job.

You should sign up and install the free service NextDNS (https://nextdns.io). Not only does it block ads and trackers on apps and websites, but it also has a feature called “parental control” which lets you block specific apps, games or websites and you can choose specific time intervals. You should give it a go.

I had some luck with Focused Work, which is on Mac/iPad/iPhone, but I was using it more for the pomodoro features than the blocking.

What I liked about it was that I could add Shortcuts to do things like activate a Focus Mode when I was in a pomodoro, or play some focus music.