Maybe a middle ground like Go.

The answer is Python

C takes the cake

So, of the two JavaScript, because motivating them to program is more important than anything else if they have no prior knowledge. javascript has great tooling and faaar less hurdles to get something going then C. Personally i'd go with TypeScript if it has to be anything in this family of languages, because making them think of types early on is helpful when moving to anything more than little web apps. If any other languages are considered, i'd go with python with type hints because it forces you to format your code somewhat readably (believe me, i know that it's possible to write unreadable python code) but is really low on boilerplate, has great tooling (at least third-party, use uv) as well as stellar IDE support and allows for multiple different paradigms to be explored.

bash

I've studied with (now) engineers and there is large portion of people having a hard time with even the concept of a function. We learned C(++) at the time. I guess being forced to learn about what the hardware does kinda messed with people being able to just think about algorithms. As a first programmig language to just write some basic functions I like Python, but to be honest I don't understand what's going really going on behind the scenes either. But C is a really solid choice, as what's really happening is easy to reason about (at least unoptimized) and every other language will have to abstract these same concepts.

Let them learn what they’re interested in so long as it passes muster as capable of sufficiently handling the concepts you wish to convey. Some will want low level, some will want an app, some will want to make games. The cross pollination of concepts will demonstrate that while languages may have individual benefits they should not stop at one.

TypeScript > JavaScript all day

C teaches a whole variety of low level concepts that are helpful in any comp sci field. That’s my vote. Python holds your hand too much and JS would require more to get started. If they aren’t shooting for a comp sci degree and are just looking for helpful scripts then python would be fine.

What grade sudents is this for? Do you intend for this to be a dedicated class/semester or just a single unit? How good are they at operating a computer? (Typing, clicking, etc)

If you're wanting to teach programming concepts, I would start with scratch instead. This can be taught to little kids or older students. It's what the free comp science class from Harvard starts with

Why not SmallBasic then? You could even point them to old computer magazines and see which codes they can get running without much workaround.

I mean, they'll probably learn more from C. But please. You can do better than javascript. At least teach them python or something.

If you also plan on teaching html and css, than I'd go for js first. Having your code instantly response in a visual way, is super motivating for most students.
If you just want to tech programming concepts, i'd go for python.
If you want this to be the start of a complete cs study, than you can start with C

I would teach Typescript. Being able to write the types down and hover things to see what types they are will definitely help them.

I think C would put them off. I also wouldn't go with Python, in case they want to do things like write games or make websites, which are common tasks you can do with Typescript but not very well with Python.

Why not python? C needs constant memory management and JavaScript is too chaotic. Both seem to me a bit too complicated for someone just starting

I would start with Python. It's a fun language to learn, and generally recommended for beginners. Towards the end, I would spend a few sessions on c, not to teach them c but to give them an appreciation for what they get for free in higher level languages.

No way it's C. The average student will go home and find that they can't do much of anything they like, with the level of C they know. Even printing a string is famously hard in C, they'll hate it. Nothing drains their interest in programming faster than segfaults.

The average students wants to build games, websites, discord bots etc. Javascript makes it easy, none are easy in C.

Like a lot of people mentioned, there's a few good things you could start with, but C is probably not one of them. At my old job I ran a course for software engineer 2s to go over C, and even they had some struggles with it. If professional engineers struggle with C, it's maybe not the best starting point. Even C++ might be better, but still adds a lot of complexity that isn't necessary to know as immediately as the beginning.

Whenever people ask me where to start, I say python. It gives you a relatively tame taste of environment setup, and can run code very easily and flexibly. Its type system is flexible enough to make a user aware of it, without it being as rigid as C or as vague as javascript. Because there's enough libraries that are easy to pull in, even a beginner can start building useful programs without having to know how to build something equivalent to those libraries themselves.

Obviously if you want them to make websites, javascript will be necessary eventually, and isn't a bad place to start. If you're going purely for CS knowledge, I do think python is a little better; going from python to JS is probably easier than JS to python.

As a first language, JS is too much. They would need to learn three languages to make websites (JS, CSS, and HTML).

I'd start with Python. It's easy to learn, and modern Python gives you the tools to write code that's easy to read and follow without being too verbose.

uv should make things very easy to setup too. Install uv, then give them a starter repo with the Python version set. uv run should just work after that, no manual venv/conda/etc nonsense involved.

What level are your students (primary school, high school, technical college, university)?

You said it's not a core skill, so what is their core skill? IT? Machinist? Electronics engineer?

C is an excellent "fundamentals" language that anyone with a software engineering and maybe computer science should have exposure too, but if their programming is purely practical (e.g. scripting for IT?) C is essentially irrelevant.

Javascript is very narrow in scope but if they're web designers then it's essential.

I'll back the other commenters that if they need a language they can do useful things in (e.g. simple automations, calculations), Python is hard to pass over.

Probably JS as the fact that every computer has by default everything you need to execute JS. But there is a bunch of browser stuff you have to worry about before you can do anything with it. I'm not sure how you learn JS before html.

With Python you can do simple command line stuff without having to really know anything else. You can learn one concept at a time.

That being said, people have a lot of familiarity with browsers and it might feel less abstract. JS might a better choice for demystifying coding. Python is probably a better choice for accomplishing anything useful.

I don't know how old your students are, but there is also MIT Scratch.

• https://scratch.mit.edu/
• https://www.scratchfoundation.org/learn/for-educators

Javascript is a horrible language, but it is ubiquitous. You'll want to spend a little time on html and css if you expect them to do more than print output.

You could focus on TypeScript, which will help them avoid some of the worst things, but then you spend more time on tooling and it won't just run in the browser console.

Python is a reasonably popular language with a good standard library. It has fewer bizarre quirks like adding two lists of ints together to get a string.

I wouldn't teach C to a general audience.

The fact that every computer has a browser where they can practice javascript probably makes it the better option. Python would probably require, on Windows, some setup that isn't what you want to spend time on, and may be a barrier to them trying stuff on their own time at home.

Neither. Teach them Scheme. They need to start by building good habits (functional programming).

“Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist.” ― Pablo Picasso

If you want to help people develop a fundamental understanding of IT concepts, teach them Python. C is very hard for beginners and will discourage most people. JavaScript is too inconsistent. Python will let people get results quickly and that way encourage them to carry on. Plus, it's one of the most popular languages out there so Python skills are definitely useful in the labour market.

After reading through some of the comments, here is my opinion.

C would be a good language IF you know your students plan to get into IT, specifically a sector where the low level knowledge is useful. Beyond that, I assume your students probably use windows and I personally always find it a pain to work with C on windows outside of full IDEs like jetbrains and Visual Studio. It's also a lot more work till you get some results that you are happy about. Unless you start with an Arduino, which I find pretty nice to get students interested in embedded stuff.

I don't like JavaScript because I find it a mess although it is very useful for anything web related.

Given you said in another comment that this is meant to be a general purpose skill for your students I would strongly recommend python. While I dislike the dynamic type system, it is a very powerful language to get stuff done. You can quickly get results that feel rewarding instead of running into hard to fix issues that turn your students off of programming in general. Also it's very useful outside of IT as a scripting language for analyzing data in basically any field or for generating nice plots for some document