Now, I'm going to warn anyone ahead of time, this comes from conversations in meat space, not reading. So if you want sources, you'll have to go dig up a body, and hunt down an ENT that I can't even remember the name of.
With that disclaimer, the smell of boogers outside the nose is the smell of the proteins reacting with the acids on your fingers and the air.
When they're inside the nose, they're moister, and stuck to the inside of the nose, with no contact with anything volatile.
If you want to test this, get some plain, cheap tissues. For a few hours, blow your nose occasionally, sniffing the resulting expulsion. Notice that there will only be a very faint smell, if any.
Now, pick your nose and wipe the substance onto the tissue and wait a few seconds before sniffing. You should notice a slightly stronger smell. Then, just pick the nose and roll the booger around a little, then sniff. Slightly stronger again.
Boogers, inside the nose, are a lot of water, mixed with your own proteins and traces of whatever microbiota are there, plus hints of particulates. In other words, they're damp and warm, but non reactive in situ.
Once you pull them out, you're exposing a greater surface area to air, causing the water to evaporate faster, and anything I'm suspension to be exposed to air.
If that removal is done via bare finger, the oils and acids of your sebum can react with the proteins and other solids.
Happens with mucous from the lungs as well. Ever notice tar when you're sick and cough something into your hands, it smells different than when it's into a tissue? Not that most people would notice, what with being sick, and possibly also having a stuffed up nose.
But guess what! It isn't just those mucuses. Vaginal secretions change smell on fingers vs other surfaces. Not as much, because the ph involved is different, but if you've got a sensitive sniffer and pay attention, it's there. Even semen changes smell a little, though you really gotta pay attention because it's over fast for some reason I've never figured out.
In theory, I'd guess that rectal mucosa would too, but that's going to have much stronger smells to begin with because of where it's produced. So I doubt you'd be able to detect it even if you were willing to try. I'm not willing to try.
Fwiw, yes, I know that means I've sniffed my own semen on my fingers. What? You weren't curious about the stuff when you first cranked some out?