Honestly modern python is not that bad because of the typing hints and checks you can run on them nowadays. Also it's worth noting that python has very strong types, so it's not illy willy magical types, and while it is possible to use it like that it's normally not encouraged (unlike other languages).

That being said, if you haven't learnt Rust I strongly encourage you to read the book and go through the rustling exercises. Honestly while still a new and relatively nieche language, it fixes so many of the issues that exist in other languages that I think it will slowly take over everything. Sure. It's slower to write, but you avoid so much hassle on maintenance afterwards.

No it's not, they're completely different concepts. In C/C++ lingo Dynamic typing is having every variable be a void * whereas type coercion is implementing conversion functions for your types to allow casting between types, e.g. having a temperature class that can be casted to a double (or from it).

This is a function with dynamic typing and no type coercion in C/C++:

int foo(void* param) {
  Temperature* t = (Temperature*) param;
   return t->intValue() + 10;
}

This is the same function with type coercion and no dynamic typing in C/C++:

int foo(Temperature& t) {
  return t + 10;
}