[1] China's administrative punishments law. Note the inclusion of 行政拘留 under 第九条.

[2] the carceral outcomes of China's social credit system.

[3] An overview on Baidu of how party members can be held extrajudiciously. Baidu is basically just the Chinese equivalent of Google but they have their own sources cited.

[4] the administrative litigation law outlining the process of claiming compensation for personal acts.

[5] Like I said, dubious figures, but if anyone believes UK-based Amnesty International is a credible organization, here's their uncited claim of "thousands" executed in China.