Je ne m'attendais pas de voir un thread au sujet de l'impro sur Lemmy!
The improv match format you're referring to is ~~pretty much exclusively~~ mostly a thing in the Francophone scene. L'impro-match, or l'improvisation gravelienne, or l'impro style LNI started in the 70s' in Québec out of the experimental theatre scene in Montréal, before spreading to other French-speaking countries.
The closest I've found on the Anglo side of things is stuff like theatresports or the Canadian Improv Games. There are similarities but the hockey theming is absent and the formats vary in multiple ways.
EDIT: I found this improv league in Spanish in Argentina who follow the same format with a direct link to the OG Ligue Nationale d'Improvisation. Like I mentioned in a reply to another comment here, there's also LIBER in Berlin, who play in both French and German. When the referee reads the theme card, they specify if the improv will be in French, German, or a mix of both.