Vampire Survivors

DREDGE is great and has about 10-20 minute loops before returning to port for repairs and sales.

Helldivers 2 has rounds between 12-40 minutes, the longer rounds are often doable faster than 40 mins though. It's pretty easy to join a game already running or lock it down as a solo mission. You can set the difficulty to adjust what you consider fun. I like playing on 4/10 because I find it laid back. It's PvE with squads of up to 4.

Roguelikes/lites are the perfect genre for this and there are at least 2 good ones I know of on PS5:

Hades and Returnal.

Cult of the Lamb is also decent (not great but it's fun for short bursts)

Been playing the Tony Hawk Proskater 1+2 remake.

Definitely in your time frame

Outer Wilds.

Wilmots Warehouse

Longer than your preferred range, but Helldivers 2 games generally last between 20 and 30 minutes. The absolute maximum a game could possibly last for is 42 minutes.

Earth defense force is a fun cheesy simple series played in small burst missions like that

Dead by Daylight. Each match lasts around 10 mins. Survival horror, multiplayer.