Here is what I do, it is a type of visualization meditation.

I have been watching futurama (original seasons) for 20 something years. I have seen each episode literally hundreds of times. I have them burned pretty well into my brain at this point.

I have ripped just the audio track from the DVDs. When I wake up in the middle of the night (2-4 times per night!), I turn on a random episode as audio only.

The goal here is to try to visualize the episode as you only listen to the audio. This forces you to focus on something rather than stress about life. It really helps me stop thinking about anything else. Because I know the episodes so well, it has become quite easy to stay focused on it (like watching with your eyes closed). And since I’ve seen the episodes so many times there is no fear of missing out, so you don’t try to stay awake to finish an episode. I can typically fall back asleep within 5-10 minutes with this technique.

I personally have these on my phone in a playlist and sleep with a single wired ear bud in one ear. I have a sleep timer set for 25 minutes. If I wake up, all I have to do is tap the button on my wired Apple headphones and it’ll continue playing for 25 more minutes. No need to open my eyes or take off my sleep mask.

alot of stuff you can read about meditiation is hooey, but practicing mindfulness and letting thoughts pass you by is a useful skill to practice. it takes some work, especially if you have a focus/anxiety problem. dont let your mind dwell on a thought, but dont push it out of your head, just "finish the sentence" as it were and move on to the next empty moment. it helps some people to visualize wiping a white board, smoothing sand, calming waves/ripples, etc.

A pair of earplugs and a sleep mask have been a game changer for me.

Have you tried a white noise generator, to stop you waking up in the first place? I use TMSoft (apple, Android, pc, web browser). I use a combination of pink noise, rain and thunder - the thunder especially helps with bass notes like garbage trucks and lawn mowers.

You can import your own sounds, use sounds other people uploaded, make your own mixes, change the relative intensity of different sounds (I usually have the pink noise faded behind the rain), change pitch and speed and variability of individual sounds (the rain is pitched a little too high and fast for me to fall asleep to, so I slowed it down and made it deeper), etc. Very nice little app, but try any white noise generator, really.

It might also be a combination of other things making you sleep less deeply at that time. So maybe blackout curtains or a sleep mask, pee before you go to bed, etc etc etc.

I focus hard and repeat to myself several times, "i deserve a full night of sleep," to help get rid of whatever is in my brain. Then i take 5-10 breaths to think about getting comfortable, feeling my pillow and covers. Then i relax one body part for 3 breaths, starting at my feet, then ankles, then lower leg, ... Keeping my mind as focused as possible on it to prevent brain wandering. If thoughts creep in, i start over reminding myself that i deserve sleep.

1. Make sure you can't see a clock at night. Not knowing how late it is will stop your mind from going over at least one detail, how much time you have left to sleep.
2. Get a notebook next to your bed so you can write things down if something urgent comes up in your mind. If you're like me, changes are you'll never write down anything.
3. Try to not think about anything for 10 seconds or better 10 breaths. No toughts whatsoever.
4. If everything fails, have a book or e-reader ready, so you can relax while reading for a bit. Nothing with LCD screens though, they tend to wake you up even more.

I often wake up around the same time. What helps for me is a big soft toy cat to cuddle with. The feeling of security of being able to wrap my arms around something tight is soothing and often helps me drift off to sleep again.
I don’t use it until I wake up though, until then it’s lying on the floor next to my bed. It could be that the change in sleeping posture is what helps?

Granted, this might be a bit too personal to be helpful. But maybe it will help for you as well? Alternatively you could try a big fluffy pillow if soft toys aren’t your thing :)

Lots of great advice here already, the only thing I'd add is 4-7-8 breathing. There are lots of guides and explanations online, but essentially you breath in for 4 seconds, hold your breath for 7 seconds, then exhale for 8 seconds.

It takes practice before you can do it and stay relaxed at the same time, so I would suggest practicing during the daytime so when you do it at night it doesn't fully wake you up. It took about a week of practice before I felt comfortable enough to feel the benefit, but I still use 4-7-8 breathing in lots of contexts four years later.

I think the theory behind it is tied to vagus nerve and helping the body relax and enter rest and digest states.

Do you have ADHD or something similar?
I always need to have something playing in the background to stop my mind from overworking.

You're experiencing the exact same problem as my wife, in the same time frame, but for her it's the neighbor slamming his door on his way out to work.

I can't speak for her, as she often just gets up after her mind begins cycling through anything and everything, but as someone who has a lot of difficulty falling asleep, I have some success with the following:

1. Massaging my neck, shoulders, and shoulderblades
2. Getting up and sitting in the dark of a different environment for a few minutes, like the living room or guest bed, then returning to bed
3. Alternating between trying to sleep flat on my back and on my stomach

I'm a light sleeper with a loud mind, as well, so this kind of thing has always been a problem for me. The two main things I find helpful may not do the trick for you, but here goes:

First, trying to force myself back to sleep always just ramps my brain up worse and makes it more difficult than it already was to fall back asleep. I stopped trying to force the issue, which has counterintuitively sped up the time it takes me to fall back asleep. I don't get up or engage my mind with anything significant, but if I'm awake, I'll put soft music on my earbuds or scroll on my phone set to the dimmest setting. I may not fall back to sleep immediately, but I've found that lowering the pressure on myself to fall back asleep makes it happen more readily than when I spend 2 hours and 45 minutes being like "if I fall asleep right now, I can still get another 3 hours. go to sleep. fall asleep. sleep will happen.... now!"

Second, I've increased my oversell magnesium intake. I know you said no substances, but I feel like this is different. There have been a few studies--popular science type stuff, nothing peer reviewed that I know of--indicating that magnesium improves sleep quality and the ability to return to sleep if woken up. Might be the placebo effect, but I don't care because I've noticed an improvement.

Sorry you have to deal with this flavor of insomnia, too. Super sucks.

Have you tried ear plugs?

Put a Marpac Dohm white noise generator between you and the window. It’s basically a fan that’s modified to generate consistent white noise, and is somewhat adjustable (volume, tone for lack of a better term.).

It does take some getting used to, but once you do, it muffled a lot of noise. Any white noise generator will probably work, but my marpac has run for years with only needing to be opened once or twice for dust.

Another option is a thick comforter in the window (like curtains.)

Beyond mitigation, I keep some yarn and a crochet hook, and make stuffed animals for random kids of people I know. Crocheting for me hits the sweet spot between mindless and needs focus to still my mind.

My mom will do chores like folding laundry or dishes for a few minutes. Or sudoku.

Another option is meditation techniques- like meditative breathing will help with relaxing. Try breathing for a count of 3, holding to 6, exhaling to 9 (so each step has a 3-count in through the nose, out the mouth.)

What helps here is to start reading. Most of the times I wake up with a book open, as I manage distract my mind from random thoughts.

I wake up at 3am to 4am daily as a neighbor makes noise walking their dog. This cannot be helped.

I'm stuck on this comment. Why can it not be helped? This is not acceptable behavior on your neighbor's part. Sleep is a critical factor in every human's physical and mental well-being, which is why policies like noise ordinances exist. You do not mention what your living circumstances are, however if there are other neighbors nearby (especially if this is an apartment/condo situation) they are presumably being woken up too. You also don't mention how you're being woken up; are the dogs barking or loudly running around? I don't see why you should need to accommodate your neighbor's inability to follow very standard social contracts regarding nighttime quiet hours. Unless you are in some kind of highly unusual living situation where it's completely within your neighbor's right to be an early-morning nuisance, you should be addressing the illness not the symptom, especially if there are other people being affected too.

I used to have this problem, too. Both when trying to fall asleep in the evening and after waking up in the middle of the night for any reason.

What really helps me is putting on an audiobook or podcast that I like but already know (this part is important because otherwise I will just listen to it for the rest of the night because I want to know what happens) and setting the volume to very low. I set the sleep timer to 15 minutes and most of the time I'm asleep way before it turns off.

I had to experiment a bit to find audiobooks that hit the sweet spot of being engaging enough to keep my mind from wandering but not so much that I can't drift of to sleep but once I found a few, it's been a real game changer.

Headphones with boring content is how I do it

Audio books + thinking about builds in an MMORPG that I play.

I know you said no substances but… starchy and fatty foods.

I found that history documentaries are the best. The battlefield series is a gem. I put in one earbud and have the audio without the screen on. Every night. https://youtu.be/BgeJo7l9NUk?si=zsx6ChVuu4EK0aNa

Do you consider three donuts from the local QT “substances?” Because pound three in short succession and you’re not going to stay awake for long.

Sleep in two 4 hour blocks? Do something for couple of hours instead of trying to force yourself to sleep.(read a book?)

I'm kind of a fat-ass (5'11" 235 lbs.) with the 'betes, so I also sleep with a fan. I find the fan isn't quite enough, so I try to keep the temp in the appartment below 70°F (66-68°F ideally). I like to read before bed to get myself "out of my own head", preferabbly something interesting but not too interesting like Neitzsche, Oliver Sachs, David Graeber.

You can try Yoga Nidra. A form of yoga used to get deep relaxation. It is said that 45 minutes of Nidra equals a 3 hour peaceful sleep. You can find info al over internet. I found this website particularly useful. I use especially the bodyscan and breathing techniques to calm my mind and fall asleep again.

Write down what you need to, otherwise your mind keeps it going. Get a red light nightlight.

Get up for a couple minutes (don't turn the lights on) I find it uses up that little bit of restless energy.

Have a fan on for background noise

If you wake up, shift to a different position

Gather a bunch of the blanket in your arms

Get a heavier blanket

Use a humidifier

Have a drink/edible/nyquil

As soon as your mind gets onto something worrisome, get up and go use the toilet. This will wake you up enough to deal with the thoughts (either solve or firmly dismiss them) rather than tiredly letting them roll around in your head. It will also allow you to relax your body more fully when you go back to bed, so you can fall asleep faster and more deeply. Another thing that might help is to start a pattern of going to bed half an hour earlier. This could shift your sleep cycle so that you're in a different stage when doggie wants to pee. Either you'll be deep enough to ignore it or awake enough to take charge and make your mean brain treat you more like a friend.

I have the same challenge falling asleep, both initially and if I am awakened. CBD is helpful for calming those thoughts. Recommend you go to a dispensary and ask for an oil that's high in CBD and low in THC