Abortive and stillborn – mostly natural miscarriages and stillbirths, but there was always someone who knew how to induce a miscarriage with either herbs or physical interventions.

Affrighted – it’s not really possible to die of fright, but if you died for no reason, or had a stroke or heart attack which left your face twisted in an expression of fear or pain…

Ague – the alternating fevers and chills associated with malaria

Apoplex and megrom – strokes and other catastrophic brain damage, such as burst aneurysms (megrom is migraine, migraines don’t kill you but it’s a sudden, excruciating pain in the head, some of which are a symptom of something fatal).

Bit with a mad dog – rabies, or, just a dog bite in a bad place such as by an artery or one that got infected.

Bleeding – any number of causes, just like today.

Bloody flux, scowring and flux – various ways of shitting yourself inside out.

Bruised, issues, sores and ulcers – self-explanatory. Sores and ulcers that got infected would almost certainly kill you. Severe bruises could be indicative of some sort of haemorrhagic fever.

Burnt and scalded – homes were heated by and food was cooked on open fires. Only five deaths from burns and scalds in a year is a miracle.

Burst and rupture – could be appendix, but unlikely as that would almost certainly require autopsy to diagnose. More likely hernia.

Cancer, and wolf – discussed in other comments but the same thing, essentially. Wolf was particularly aggressive tumours that ate someone alive from the inside.

Canker – ulceration of mouth and lips from herpes. Secondary infection was what probably finished you off, but a mouth full of sores will make it difficult to eat.

Childbed – women would make their will shortly before they were due to give birth, because it could go so wrong in so many, many ways.

Chrisomes and infants – Chrisomes were babies who died within the first month of life, around the time they were baptised, the chrisome is the cloth used during the baptism.

Cold and cough – wrap up warm or you’ll catch your death.

Colick, stone and strangury – all sorts of pains in your intestines, hernias, colic, bowel obstructions, appendicitis, difficulty urinating.

Consumption – probably tuberculosis, but possibly other lung diseases such as lung cancer etc.

Convulsions – epilepsy or other fits, possibly febrile convulsions in infants.

Cut of the stone – death during or after surgical removal of kidney or bladder stones. This is the 17th century. No anaesthesia, no aseptic surgery, imagine how desperate you would have to be from pain to let some butcher in his bloody apron anywhere near you.

Dead in the street and starved – homeless and froze to death.

Dropsie and swelling – symptom of heart disease and early stage failure.

Drowned – fairly self- explanatory. Could be accidental or deliberate.

Executed and prest to death – executed is obvious. Pressing was a form of torture used if a prisoner refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty, they would have heavier and heavier weights placed on their chests until they either gave in and entered a plea or died under the weight.

Falling sickness – epilepsy

Fever – could be anything involving a high temperature

Fistula – almost certainly obstetric fistula. Women who labour long and hard can incur all sorts of physical injury, a fistula is caused when the pressure of a baby that can’t get through causes necrosis as the blood supply to the genitals is cut off. In extreme cases, the bowel, vagina and bladder become one big hole through which urine and faeces pass uncontrollably. Fistula has other causes, if you want to horrify yourself you can read the wikipedia page.

Flocks and smallpox – flocks is a euphemism for syphilis, smallpox is smallpox, hurrah for vaccines, we don’t have this one any more.

French pox – syphilis

Gangrene – infected wounds

Gout – err, gout.

Grief – how many times has one of a couple died and the other one followed them shortly after?

Jaundice – liver disease.

Jawsaln – lockjaw, also known as tetanus. Get your shots, especially if you fertilise your garden using horse manure.

Impostume – abscesses in various places. These can cause septicaemia

Kil’d by several accidents – this just means “several people died by various accidents” it doesn’t mean some poor unfortunate soul fell off the roof and was hit by a cart and then fell in the Thames.

King’s evil – scrofula, a tuberculosis infection of the bones and glands in the neck. It was believed the king or queen could cure it by touching the affected place.

Lethargie – presumably some sort of chronic fatigue

Livergrown – swollen liver, could be caused by various diseases.

Lunatique – insanity of one sort or another.

Made away themselves – suicide

Measles – measles

Murthered – there’s been a murder! It’s of course almost certain that some of the other deaths were murders, especially those of babies, the accidents, and drownings.

Overlaid and starved at nurse - Overlaid is either what we these days would call smothering, usually caused by an adult sleeping in the same bed as the baby and either rolling on top of them in their sleep or trapping the baby under the blankets, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Or, of course, deliberately stopping a child breathing.

Starved at nurse could be what used to be called "failure to thrive" or issues with the mother or wet-nurse's milk supply. In the case of wet nurses, they would often take on too many babies and couldn't produce enough milk for all of them.

Palsie – paralysis or uncontrolled tremor of muscles. Some cases were probably Parkinson’s.

Piles – these can cause septicaemia

Plague – febrile disease carried by the fleas that normally live on rats or other rodents.

Planet - afflicted by the astrological influence of a planet. People believed that the planets had a significant influence on people’s moods, behaviour and health. Could be applied to any sudden death such as a heart attack or aneurysm.

Pleurisie and spleen – pleurisy is a chest infection, I’m not sure why spleen is grouped here, I’ve had pleurisy and I definitely knew my spleen wasn’t involved.

Purples and spotted fever – typhus or any other disease which causes subcutaneous haemorrhage. Severe bruising. Broken blood vessels caused by underlying disease.

Quinsie – a complication of tonsillitis, an abscess in the back of the throat.

Rising of the lights – the coughing and choking as your lungs fill up with fluid as your organs fail. Sometimes asthma, croup, pneumonia, anything characterised by a feeling of choking.

Sciatica – sciatica. This can be crippling if not treated.

Scurvey and itch – scurvy can cause death. It stops wounds healing and it also reopens old wounds and death results from either bleeding or infection.

Suddenly – heart attacks, strokes or aneurysms.

Surfeit – an excess of something. Either eating too much of something which is toxic in excess (Henry I and his lampreys), or untreated diabetes, or drinking too much.

Swine pox – swine pox isn’t transmissible to humans, this is a euphemism for syphilis.

Teeth – either babies who died as their teeth were coming in, or deaths from abscesses.

Thrush and sore mouth – sores make it hard to eat. Could be a bad case of mouth ulcers, herpes, a number of things.

Tympany – a swollen abdomen that sounds hollow when tapped. Fatal if caused by kidney disease.

Tissick – the wheezing and coughing associated with asthma or TB

Vomiting – long-term vomiting can prove fatal.

Worms – a thoroughgoing worm infestation can fuck you up good and proper. If it’s really bad, you can hear them, rustling inside you. Rustle rustle rustle.