Are hiring managers actually less likely to hire women if they ask for market-rate pay, as opposed to men when they do the same?

If instead of giving passive aggressive replies you would spend a moment to reflect on what I wrote you would understand that ChatGPT reflect the reality, including any bias. In short the answer is yes with high probability.

LLMs do not give the correct answer, just the most probable sequence of words based on the training.

That kind of studies (because there are hundreds) highlight two things:

1- LLMs could be incorrect, biased, or give fake information (the so called hallucinations). 2- the previous point stems from the training material proving the existence of bias in the society.

In other words, having an LLM recommending lower salaries for women is a proof that there is a gender gap.

your gpg example removes the deniability since it proves who wrote the message.

You confuse digitally signing a message with the sender's private key, and encrypting a message with the recipient's public key.

A shared secret implies that the message was sent by someone who knows the shared secret, and that restrict the number of potential senders.

If you mail a message with gpg, everyone knows the public key, and the message is still safe.

The knowledge of a shared secret suggests that the message could be authentic. It makes more sense to use asymmetric encryptions (without signatures).

forced displacement of populations

Isn't it a bit late to bring it up? Like 70+ years too late.

The hardest part is to have your mail sent directly to your domain, skipping Google entirely. It’s such a painful process!

I started with a passive-aggressive strategy delaying replies to who still uses gmail: “apologies, I rarely use gmail these days…”