119

Or perhaps the end of the beginning, if you're a little more pessimistic.


Image is from this Bloomberg article, from which I also gathered some of the information used in the preamble.


While Trump was off in the Middle East in an incompetent attempt to solve a geopolitical and humanitarian crisis, China has been doing something much more productive.

Chinese officials, including Xi Jinping, had a summit with CELAC (a community of 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries). There, he promised investment, various declarations of friendship, and visa-free entry for 30 days for citizens of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Uruguay. Lula signed over 30 agreements with China. Colombia is joining the New Development Bank and hopes to gain the money for a 120-kilometer railway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts as an alternative route to the Panama Canal. Even Argentina, ruled by arch-libertarian and arch-dipshit (but I repeat myself) Milei, was uncharacteristically polite with China as he secured a currency swap renewal to shore up their international reserves.

It wouldn't really be correct to say that Latin America is "siding with China over the US" - leaders in the region will continue to make many deals with America for the foreseeable future, and even Trump's bizarre economic strongman routine won't make them break off economic and diplomatic relations. What's significant here is that despite increasing American pressure for those leaders to break off all ties with China, few appear to be listening - and given that China is perhaps the most important economy on the planet right now, that is a very predictable outcome.

As the current American empire takes actions to try and avoid their doom, those very actions only guarantee it. As Latin America grows ever more interconnected with China and continues to develop, America will grow ever more panicked and demanding, and this feedback loop will - eventually - result in the death of the Monroe Doctrine.


Last week's thread is here. The Imperialism Reading Group is here.

Please check out the RedAtlas!

The bulletins site is here. Currently not used.
The RSS feed is here. Also currently not used.

Israel-Palestine Conflict

If you have evidence of Israeli crimes and atrocities that you wish to preserve, there is a thread here in which to do so.

Sources on the fighting in Palestine against Israel. In general, CW for footage of battles, explosions, dead people, and so on:

UNRWA reports on Israel's destruction and siege of Gaza and the West Bank.

English-language Palestinian Marxist-Leninist twitter account. Alt here.
English-language twitter account that collates news.
Arab-language twitter account with videos and images of fighting.
English-language (with some Arab retweets) Twitter account based in Lebanon. - Telegram is @IbnRiad.
English-language Palestinian Twitter account which reports on news from the Resistance Axis. - Telegram is @EyesOnSouth.
English-language Twitter account in the same group as the previous two. - Telegram here.

English-language PalestineResist telegram channel.
More telegram channels here for those interested.

Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Examples of Ukrainian Nazis and fascists
Examples of racism/euro-centrism during the Russia-Ukraine conflict

Sources:

Defense Politics Asia's youtube channel and their map. Their youtube channel has substantially diminished in quality but the map is still useful.
Moon of Alabama, which tends to have interesting analysis. Avoid the comment section.
Understanding War and the Saker: reactionary sources that have occasional insights on the war.
Alexander Mercouris, who does daily videos on the conflict. While he is a reactionary and surrounds himself with likeminded people, his daily update videos are relatively brainworm-free and good if you don't want to follow Russian telegram channels to get news. He also co-hosts The Duran, which is more explicitly conservative, racist, sexist, transphobic, anti-communist, etc when guests are invited on, but is just about tolerable when it's just the two of them if you want a little more analysis.
Simplicius, who publishes on Substack. Like others, his political analysis should be soundly ignored, but his knowledge of weaponry and military strategy is generally quite good.
On the ground: Patrick Lancaster, an independent and very good journalist reporting in the warzone on the separatists' side.

Unedited videos of Russian/Ukrainian press conferences and speeches.

Pro-Russian Telegram Channels:

Again, CW for anti-LGBT and racist, sexist, etc speech, as well as combat footage.

https://t.me/aleksandr_skif ~ DPR's former Defense Minister and Colonel in the DPR's forces. Russian language.
https://t.me/Slavyangrad ~ A few different pro-Russian people gather frequent content for this channel (~100 posts per day), some socialist, but all socially reactionary. If you can only tolerate using one Russian telegram channel, I would recommend this one.
https://t.me/s/levigodman ~ Does daily update posts.
https://t.me/patricklancasternewstoday ~ Patrick Lancaster's telegram channel.
https://t.me/gonzowarr ~ A big Russian commentator.
https://t.me/rybar ~ One of, if not the, biggest Russian telegram channels focussing on the war out there. Actually quite balanced, maybe even pessimistic about Russia. Produces interesting and useful maps.
https://t.me/epoddubny ~ Russian language.
https://t.me/boris_rozhin ~ Russian language.
https://t.me/mod_russia_en ~ Russian Ministry of Defense. Does daily, if rather bland updates on the number of Ukrainians killed, etc. The figures appear to be approximately accurate; if you want, reduce all numbers by 25% as a 'propaganda tax', if you don't believe them. Does not cover everything, for obvious reasons, and virtually never details Russian losses.
https://t.me/UkraineHumanRightsAbuses ~ Pro-Russian, documents abuses that Ukraine commits.

Pro-Ukraine Telegram Channels:

Almost every Western media outlet.
https://discord.gg/projectowl ~ Pro-Ukrainian OSINT Discord.
https://t.me/ice_inii ~ Alleged Ukrainian account with a rather cynical take on the entire thing.


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[-] MarmiteLover123@hexbear.net 8 points 50 minutes ago* (last edited 7 minutes ago)

With Trump's meeting with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and his delegation set to start in less than 10 minutes, (15:30 UTC) let's see what US strategic think tanks are saying:

CSIS, May 19 2025 - Can South Africa’s President Fix His Bilateral Relationship with Washington?

That's not good..

Meeting hasn't started yet, running late as usual.

One of the flag bearers fainted, that's all that has happened so far.

Ramaphosa has arrived, and shook hands with Trump.

Live video link on YouTube from South African state media (SABC)

AP News live YouTube link

[-] BynarsAreOk@hexbear.net 1 points 3 minutes ago* (last edited 2 minutes ago)

If you're interested in the South Africa situation I recommend Patrick Bond.

I'll quote the relevant part of this recent interview

spoiler

But unfortunately, that strength is balanced by a weakness. And the weakness is profiteers. And there are profiteers across the BRICS. And South Africa’s profiteers include an arms merchant who’s a bastion of the Zionist establishment – Ivor Ichikowitz – and he’s had deals with Elbit, deals that supply fascistic governments in Latin America – Ecuador’s army – with not only military vehicles, but Elbit souping them up for communications. And that continues. He’s also – Ichikowitz – supplying the Israeli, well, the Jewish people’s spiritual support, which is tefillin, which is a leather strip that you bind around your arm, with a verse from the Torah in a small box on your head. That’s what this guy Ivor Ichikowitz, who is an arms merchant and an ANC member, and, as recently as mid-2023, the number one donor to the ANC, as the public records at least have shown. And that means, when the genocide began in October 2023, Ichikowitz was schizophrenic and split. And instead of still supporting the ANC, he has come out very strongly – especially in articles in 2024 and statements the whole time – against South Africa’s support for Palestine.

Now, that’s just one angle – the arms dealing. And then we have Rheinmetall, which is the German company that owns big chunks of Denel, South Africa’s state-owned arms company. Are weapons being made in South Africa – in Somerset West or in Centurion – are they going up to not only to Rheinmetall in Germany, but onward, including to Israel? It’s an open question. We’re not sure. We have a very ineffectual National Conventional Arms Control Committee meant to look this over – and they’re not doing well. There are a few other arms dealers that we’re curious about – the extent to which, certainly historically, Armscor and Israel, and indeed going back to the 1970s nuclear collaboration.

The other big problem, though, is coal – which is very open. Because we can track the coal-bearing ships that go from Richards Bay all the way up to Hadera port, and to some extent Ashdod. At Hadera, there is the Orot Rabin power station. At Ashdod, it’s the Rutenberg station. And those are supplying Israel with about 20% of its grid-based energy. And that’s a very important part of the supply that the Israel Defense Forces would use to prosecute that genocide or to maintain apartheid. And it would therefore be against the International Court of Justice ruling in July – that was actually codified by the United Nations General Assembly in September – that says: don’t do electricity supply or any other goods crucial for the apartheid, the land grabbing of the West Bank too, not just the genocide of Gaza.

So we’ve got a couple of, let’s say, screaming contradictions. And it’s even more embarrassing, I think, for South Africa, because President Ramaphosa used to be the main partner of the main company that sells coal to Israel – both from South Africa, but also from Colombia. And they’ve continued that, even into this year, in spite of the Colombian president telling them not to.

And that company – Glencore – is notorious for bribing African governments. They were not prosecuted for the activities in South Africa, but across the rest of Africa, the prosecutions, including in the US and Britain, have shown that this is a very corrupt company. And they have chosen – particularly because their predecessor, Xstrata, was doing deals with the African Rainbow Minerals chief executive, Patrice Motsepe, who happens to be President Ramaphosa’s brother-in-law.

Now we have found – and a protest in early April confirmed this – 23% of Glencore’s ownership is of the mines in question in Mpumalanga that get the coal out and get them coal over to Israel. That would be profits to Patrice Motsepe, we estimate, out of about a $5 million profit – that is the net income after the costs – for each of the 177,000 tons of coal that are put on the ship and shipped out to Israel, Patrice Motsepe makes about a million dollars. So these are the sorts of, let’s say, contradictions that just scream out, and that we hope more pressure will allow us to resolve – resolve in favor of Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions of Israel.

And also here in December last year, From South Africa to Syria, rising perils for Palestine solidarity, just a small part, he was 110% bang on.

spoiler

A repeat performance is most worrying to progressives here, in large part because South Africa’s Richards Bay bulk minerals port has become – since August – the world’s main terminal for exporting coal to Israel, which depends on the Orot Rabin and Rutenberg power stations for nearly 20% of its energy grid.

It is to be expected that Trump will go on the offensive against the South African filing of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) genocide case against Israel. Trump is a proponent of Israel’s mass murder and illegal settlements, calling predecessor Joe Biden a “very bad Palestinian” during a debate last June, for not sufficiently helping Netanyahu to ‘finish the job’ in Gaza.

But instead of helping to build the global movement against Israel by highlighting Trump’s threats, Ramaphosa’s new Ambassador to Washington Ebrahim Rasool – formerly part of the ruling party’s leftwing currents – let slip in an interview this week: “We need to put away the [Palestine-solidarity] megaphone now. And the president’s words were, it is now sub judice... I understand the need to completely recalibrate...that’s the art of the deal. It is about framing the messages in particular ways that make South Africa an ally [of Trump].”

Some might be surprised at this betrayal, including Ramaphosa’s nonsensical sub judice posture. Yet beyond its important ideological advocacy megaphone used at the Hague international courts, the Pretoria government has barely lifted a finger for Palestine.

[-] HexReplyBot@hexbear.net 2 points 47 minutes ago* (last edited 43 minutes ago)

I found YouTube links in your comment. Here are links to the same videos on alternative frontends that protect your privacy:

Link 1:

Link 2:

[-] plinky@hexbear.net 15 points 1 hour ago
[-] StillNoLeftLeft@hexbear.net 3 points 15 minutes ago* (last edited 14 minutes ago)

Short Finland news:

First up, some warmongering:

Finland is using frozen Russian assets to provide Ukraine with heavy ammunition, the government announced on Monday.

The Defence Ministry said Finland will deliver heavy ammunition to Ukraine, financed through profits generated by frozen Russian assets.

The initiative is part of a broader EU effort to support Ukraine with military supplies funded by the interest accrued from Moscow's frozen assets. Finland is one of the member states implementing this programme.

Second, some more warmongering:

Russia building up base along Finnish border, New York Times reports.

Satellite imagery reveals large tents, shelters for fighter jets and warehouses for military vehicles — but Nato officials say the activity is nothing like the buildup along the Ukrainian border before Russia’s 2022 invasion.

nato-cool

Third, some TikTok shenanigans. Background to this is that a local PM from the far right Basic Finns party has come out with strong opposition to this data centre:

Social media giant TikTok told Yle that the company remains fully committed to the Kouvola project, despite political concerns over the company’s links to China.

"We have high expectations for this investment," said Christian Hannibal, TikTok’s head of public policy in Finland.

He said the facility under construction in Kouvola's Koria district will play a major role in TikTok’s European operations. It is part of the company’s 12-billion-euro 'Project Clover,' aimed at ensuring that European users’ data is stored and processed within Europe. Of this total, one billion euros is allocated to the Finnish data centre.

The other Project Clover data centres are located in Norway and Ireland and serve the same purpose — storing TikTok users' data.

This links to concerns raised by Finland’s Minister of Economic Affairs, Wille Rydman (Finns), who warned that China could potentially bypass US chip restrictions via the data centre in Finland.

The Rydman guy is fully revealing who's pocket he really is in with these "concerns".

[-] KnownUnknownKnower@hexbear.net 12 points 1 hour ago

Does India actually sponsor the BLA and other separatist groups in Pakistan? Or have Pakistan done enough of that themselves like w the TTP

[-] ClathrateG@hexbear.net 20 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 15 minutes ago)

Funny in this article https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx277jklkyzo about a likely Ukrainian assassination in Spain they have to add a bit about a russian assassination at the end

[-] vovchik_ilich@hexbear.net 2 points 20 minutes ago

Not just anywhere in Spain but in Pozuelo de Alarcón lmao fucking rich people ghetto, half of the people there are crab rave worthy

[-] Lovely_sombrero@hexbear.net 25 points 3 hours ago

Rep. Gerry Connolly dies at 75

Vaxxed?!

[-] LoveYourself@hexbear.net 17 points 3 hours ago* (last edited 3 hours ago)

Free Life of Kurdistan (PJAK), an Iran-based armed group widely believed to be an offshoot of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), on Monday said it will continue its armed struggle against Tehran despite PKK’s decision to dissolve itself and end its decades-long armed struggle against Ankara.

“We, as PJAK, will neither lay down arms nor dissolve ourselves,” Amir Karimi, PJAK co-chair, told Aryen TV, a Sweden-based channel affiliated with Iran-based Kurdish political parties.

(Source)

[-] LoveYourself@hexbear.net 18 points 3 hours ago

Almost like Kurdish separatist movements are functioning as US proxies. Almost.

[-] cinnaa42@hexbear.net 15 points 3 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago)

i mean if you ignore a large part of the evidence, like the long and continuing history of pro-Kurdish organisations in the west being treated as terrorists, including the British Metropolitan Police raiding a Kurdish community centre a few months ago, then yes, it's possible to reduce the entire Kurdish nationalist movement, constituting millions of people spread across multiple continents, to "US proxies"

alternatively you could just take a dialectically materialist view and acknowledge that nationalist movements, as with every single political movement in history, are internally contradictory, and of course contains collaborationist elements alongside liberationist elements. Because we're not reactionaries, and we don't want to paint entire ethnic/national groups with negative labels as though there's some collaborationist bone in their brain, right?

i mean like is the point of this to imply that the PKK is a US proxy?

[-] grandepequeno@hexbear.net 12 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago)

I think you're completely right and you made a great case why it's silly to view the kurdish struggle as a controlled us proxy but that's not what LoveYourself necesserily implied.

LoveYourself mentioned kurdish separatists almost "functioning as a proxy" and I think that checks out, sadly. Obviously not all kurdish groups do it on purpose, I feel for their cause in general and I do think they're anti-imperialist (just not anti-hegemonic) but their interests often line up against america's enemies in the region so effectively while furthering their own goals they can at the same time be furthering america's. But from your second paragraph I'm sure you know that already.

So I think it's fair to be a bit iffy when this type of stuff happens

[-] cinnaa42@hexbear.net 3 points 1 hour ago* (last edited 1 hour ago)

If we call any group whose actions inadvertently benefit an outside force in some way a proxy then we're diluting what the term actually means. The Ukraine war is a proxy conflict for the US, as the US directly funds the Ukrainian state and military, and sends mercenaries to fight on their behalf. If, as communists, we're going to label a left-wing nationalist organisation which originated as part of a Marxist-Leninist organisation as a "proxy for the US" because they're fighting against a right-wing Islamist government that occasionally fires a missile at israel (but sits idly by while the entity continues to starve millions of people, and did effectively nothing to help Hezbollah when it mattered the most), then what are we even doing anymore?

i hate to use the word "campist" given its history but

[-] MLRL_Commie@hexbear.net 4 points 1 hour ago* (last edited 1 hour ago)

You forgot the word "functioning"

In other words, there was no claim that they directly are proxies, but their function is the same. In practice, if you were to ignore the goals and statements entirely, because of the actions taken it would be indistinguishable from how a proxy would act. We know, because we're careful and knowledgeable, that the Kurdish national struggle is much more complex, but a function is determined by its effects, not it's intentions

[-] LoveYourself@hexbear.net 7 points 2 hours ago
[-] cinnaa42@hexbear.net 3 points 1 hour ago

That's great, but I can find plenty of counter-examples of direct US collusion over the past decade with Iraqi groups that are supposed to be part of the "Axis of Resistance", but whose resistance amounted to a couple of drones flown at the occupied Golan and then stopping when the US threatened them with the same kind of punishment their allies have already been receiving for months. Let alone some of the other factions in the PMF. Would you call them American proxies too?

[-] LoveYourself@hexbear.net 1 points 4 minutes ago

I can find plenty of counter-examples of direct US collusion over the past decade with Iraqi groups that are supposed to be part of the "Axis of Resistance"

Please share

[-] grandepequeno@hexbear.net 19 points 5 hours ago

Syrian Information Minister Hamza al-Mustafa said the US is not demanding normalization with Israel:

"Normalizing with Israel is not a part of the American requests sent to the Syrian government. Different delegations from the U.S., from Western countries, came to Syria and asked if you can join the Abraham Accords. The [Syrian] governmental response was also clear. The Abraham Accords are between [sic] a state, Israel, that doesn't occupy their countries"

Hmm sounds too good to be true, could just be the syrian government feigning opposition before normalizing with israel anyways, but it does match with Trump saying he didn't consult israel before restoring ties with Syria

[-] SevenSkalls@hexbear.net 13 points 4 hours ago

Ya it doesn't really match with any of their actions up to now.

[-] sisatici@hexbear.net 16 points 5 hours ago

Sounds like a lie they will throw at their islamist base

[-] sisatici@hexbear.net 37 points 8 hours ago

Come on new pope, excommunicate Joe Biden. He needs to be depressed as much as possible to lose against cancer

[-] Boise_Idaho@hexbear.net 56 points 11 hours ago
[-] tripartitegraph@hexbear.net 3 points 34 minutes ago

Had a dream last night that

avoiding the lathe hereIbrahim Traore had died. I was so distressed I had to check as soon as I woke up.
To compensate, I was going to post this news, but you beat me to it!

[-] cinnaa42@hexbear.net 14 points 3 hours ago

looks cool, but hard to imagine Sankara would have liked this given that he was vehemently against the aggrandisation of politicians and civil servants with public funds.

[-] jack@hexbear.net 18 points 3 hours ago

Then he shouldn't have been so cool and died a martyr.

[-] Socialism_Is_The_Alternative@hexbear.net 36 points 13 hours ago* (last edited 11 hours ago)

Today's combat footage.

A Russian Iskander-M missile strike eliminated up to 70 Kiev regime troops at a training facility near the Sumy oblast settlement of Shostka: https://news-pravda.com/world/2025/05/20/1349556.html

Russian forces recently destroyed another US-built “Bradley” infantry fighting vehicle along the Kursk/Sumy border: https://odysee.com/@Support4Z:b/%F0%9F%93%BD%EF%B8%8F-A-%F0%9F%87%AC%F0%9F%87%A7-%F0%9F%87%AB%F0%9F%87%B7,--The-enemy-in-a-Bradley,-tried-to-break-through-to-Kursk-Tyotkino:5

Plus, a bonus video: Several Odessan women rescued a man from Kiev regime military conscription officers: https://news-pravda.com/world/2025/05/17/1338823.html

[-] miz@hexbear.net 27 points 12 hours ago

first link contains an unexpected F slur

Good catch. Unfortunately, some of these military footage related sites have that as a problem. I've replaced it with another link to the same video.

[-] MarmiteLover123@hexbear.net 5 points 2 hours ago

Yeah it's a big issue, a lot of people in the military and OSINT space just suck.

[-] Awoo@hexbear.net 64 points 15 hours ago* (last edited 15 hours ago)

If Corbyn ever gets into government by some miracle turn around in Britain I sincerely hope he's feeling vindictive enough to go after every single one of these ghoulish fucks for their part in supporting and defending this genocide. They deserve to rot in prison and he would be in a position to get supreme revenge for what they did to him in the party.

I don't think he is vindictive enough but holy shit he really should go after them all if that opportunity arises.

They all deserve worse than jail but i'd settle for it. Watching kids starve in real time live with nothing we can do about it is breaking my heart and filling me with a fire for inflicting pain to the ghouls that I can not describe.

[-] Sinisterium@hexbear.net 7 points 2 hours ago

Honestly he needs to do a coup, because the institutions of the UK will screw him over, Oh and kick out charles as well, otherwise he might dissolve parliament.

[-] ElChapoDeChapo@hexbear.net 2 points 26 minutes ago

Don't just kick him out, put him and his brother on trial for being nonces and air all of the royal family's dirty laundry publicly so no one wants them back

[-] catonkatonk@hexbear.net 16 points 5 hours ago

Allowing our politicians to get away with Iraq was such a huge fucking mistake. They need to know fear.

[-] mkultrawide@hexbear.net 39 points 13 hours ago

I don't think he's got it in him.

[-] Awoo@hexbear.net 30 points 12 hours ago

I would not be surprised if there's some fire burning deep down. You can't go through all that and come out the other side without having something built up.

[-] SamotsvetyVIA@hexbear.net 29 points 12 hours ago

you mean ol jezza isn't literally Stalin?

[-] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 42 points 13 hours ago

He needs to do a great purge so big it will make stalin look like a lib

[-] john_brown@hexbear.net 52 points 15 hours ago

You remember how after the end of WW2 there were Israelis hunting Nazis and bringing them to justice via kidnapping and such? Anyway I forget why I brought that up

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[-] plinky@hexbear.net 40 points 15 hours ago

i will break fedcobin in half i swear to god:

https://jacobin.com/2025/05/materialism-socialism-democracy-left-wing

like largely, on concrete paragraphs, the article is more good than bad (the author is dodgy in other ways, but not here), yet manages to completely substitute social materialism for economic agents framework in marxism.

[-] Sinisterium@hexbear.net 4 points 2 hours ago

We need a term for the peoples that continue to obfuscate and derail marxist theory. Like trying to hide/trick people into becoming socialists. That's a strategy destined to fail. A city on a hill can not be hidden.

[-] plinky@hexbear.net 3 points 1 hour ago* (last edited 1 hour ago)

i'm more cautious about this, cause we are not a religion with heresies. but it's just baffling to say you are doing marxism while talking about rationality of homo economicus (with some interventions, but still), and yet ignore giant empire looming behind.

You are talking about labor aristocracy vis-a-vis empire, fine, show your work and be done with it, we are in fucked cursed world which gets more barbaric by the second. You are thinking technological progress made maslow needs be satisfied in an exploited world - sure, make an argument.

But this weird untethering thesis is just strange to claim as marxism. oooh elites became woke and poor working class just got lost. Oh maybe they just liked their jobs building napalm bombs and oppressing black people, huh

[-] plinky@hexbear.net 30 points 13 hours ago* (last edited 13 hours ago)

the woke mind virus penetrated academia, and dissociated the left from working class

the french connexion(when in actuality it was french ephebo-curious cia-assisted clique that substituted marxist popular conception)
spoiler and settlers labor treatlerism is more obvious while incomplete story, as settlerism continuation.
to be more charitableAgriculture revolution made possible to feed everyone for cheap and employing less than 10% of population, after that workers with inherited homes and 8-hour work weeks were somewhat set to enjoy fruits of empire
spoiler asset shenanigans now working people have to spend 50% of salary not on food, but on lodgings which is a plus, cause land is finite :::

[-] AssortedBiscuits@hexbear.net 57 points 16 hours ago

Your average Twitter Deus vult tradcath will shit themselves to death when they learn about Pope Leo's maternal ancestry:
https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/genealogists-trace-pope-leos-african-ancestry-to-new-orleans-and-haiti/3744882/

"I looked into some of the birth certificates, death certificates, census records," Chicago-based genealogist Tony Burroughs said. “And sure enough, his ancestors were Black—listed as Black at some period.”

Burroughs, who has spent decades researching African American genealogies, said the findings are both fascinating and not uncommon. "I was able to go back to the 1850s, and they were listed as mulattos in 1850, 1860, 1870. Then when you get to 1880, they were listed as white. When you get to 1900, they were listed as Black, and then after that, they were listed as white," he said.

“While the Pope’s mother was born in 1911 up in Chicago, her six older sisters and her parents were all very much from New Orleans,” Honora said. “Them and their ancestors were fairly consistently listed as colored or mulatto or Black in census documents and in vital records.”

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